MP can also be produced as such, mainly in the form of microbeads used in cosmetics, synthetic fibers discharged with washing waters, and industrial abrasives. (2018), respectively) whose presence in the Atlantic gyre has been recently suggested (Ter Halle et al., 2017). Once in the environment, plastic debris fragments into smaller particles such as microplastics (MP <5 mm, NOAA, 2008), and presumably nanoplastics (NP defined as particles <100 nm or <1,000 nm according to Galloway et al. As a direct consequence, plastic waste in the environment is a growing problem (e.g., Barnes et al., 2009) plastic waste entering the oceans was calculated for 2010 at 4-12 million tons per year and is predicted to increase by an order of magnitude by 2025 in the absence of waste management improvements (Jambeck et al., 2015). Production of plastics is constantly increasing to sustain our broadening uses in daily life (Thompson et al., 2009).
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